![]() ![]() In contrast, the influence of AM symbiosis on the activity of transposable elements (TEs) is not known. It is known that besides affecting gene expression, pathogenic fungi and their elicitors, as well as compounds related to plant defence, can activate the expression of transposons, especially retrotransposons (e.g Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum lycopersicum). Moreover, AMF may protect host plants by directly inhibiting deleterious microbe propagation or through induced systemic resistance as observed in of Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana tabacum and Phaseolus vulgaris. Ĭompared with pathogenic fungi, many similarities occur in the molecular interaction of plant roots with beneficial microorganisms, including the activation of pathogen-related genes, radical oxygen species burst and callose deposition, as part of the AMF transiently induced early defence responses. In roots, where AM symbiosis is established, such changes in both plant and fungal transcriptomes were related to mycorrhizal establishment and development, involving post-translational regulation, signalling, transport, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses. These physiological modifications are, in turn, linked to the activation/repression of several genes, as observed using mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses, in a few plant species such as Medicago truncatula, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Glycine max, Oryza sativa, Lotus japonicus and Helianthus annuus. The symbiosis induces physiological changes in the colonised plants, affecting the fundamental metabolism of the host cells, and modulates their secondary metabolism, for example, enhances the activity of the antioxidant enzymatic systems and the biosynthesis of diverse phytochemicals with health-promoting activities. AMF also provide some ecosystem services, improving plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, thereby reducing the need for chemical fertiliser and pesticide inputs in agriculture. These fungi facilitate mineral nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen from soil, producing large networks of fungal hyphae, which spread from colonised roots into the soil, receiving plant carbon compounds, in exchange. AM fungi (AMF) are beneficial obligate biotrophic microorganisms, represent essential elements of soil fertility, and are involved in plant nutrition and productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial symbionts of roots of most plant species, including many cultivated plants. ![]()
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